Preliminaries
Lorentz Form (metric) applied to a vector ( matrix)
produces a co-vector ( matrix). Scalar and tensor
products use matrix multiplication.
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ID:=diagonalMatrix [1,1,1,1];
Type: Matrix(Integer)
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G:=diagonalMatrix [-1,1,1,1]
Type: Matrix(Integer)
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Scalar := Expression Integer
Type: Type
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vect(x:List Scalar):Matrix Scalar == matrix map(y+->[y],x)
Function declaration vect : List(Expression(Integer)) -> Matrix(
Expression(Integer)) has been added to workspace.
Type: Void
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g(x:Matrix Scalar):Matrix Scalar == transpose(x)*G
Function declaration g : Matrix(Expression(Integer)) -> Matrix(
Expression(Integer)) has been added to workspace.
Type: Void
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dot(x:Matrix Scalar,y:Matrix Scalar):Scalar == g(x)*y
Function declaration dot : (Matrix(Expression(Integer)),Matrix(
Expression(Integer))) -> Expression(Integer) has been added to
workspace.
Type: Void
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tensor(x:Matrix Scalar,y:Matrix Scalar):Matrix Scalar == x*g(y)
Function declaration tensor : (Matrix(Expression(Integer)),Matrix(
Expression(Integer))) -> Matrix(Expression(Integer)) has been
added to workspace.
Type: Void
Verification
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htrigs2exp == rule
cosh(a) == (exp(a)+exp(-a))/2
sinh(a) == (exp(a)-exp(-a))/2
Type: Void
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sinhcosh == rule
?c*exp(a)+?c*exp(-a) == 2*c*cosh(a)
?c*exp(a)-?c*exp(-a) == 2*c*sinh(a)
?c*exp(a-b)+?c*exp(b-a) == 2*c*cosh(a-b)
?c*exp(a-b)-?c*exp(b-a) == 2*c*sinh(a-b)
Type: Void
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expandhtrigs == rule
cosh(:x+y) == sinh(x)*sinh(y)+cosh(x)*cosh(y)
sinh(:x+y) == cosh(x)*sinh(y)+sinh(x)*cosh(y)
cosh(2*x) == 2*cosh(x)^2-1
sinh(2*x) == 2*sinh(x)*cosh(x)
Type: Void
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expandhtrigs2 == rule
cosh(2*x+2*y) == 2*cosh(x+y)^2-1
sinh(2*x+2*y) == 2*sinh(x+y)*cosh(x+y)
cosh(2*x-2*y) == 2*cosh(x-y)^2-1
sinh(2*x-2*y) == 2*sinh(x-y)*cosh(x-y)
Type: Void
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Simplify(x:Scalar):Scalar == htrigs sinhcosh simplify htrigs2exp x
Function declaration Simplify : Expression(Integer) -> Expression(
Integer) has been added to workspace.
Type: Void
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possible(x)==subst(x, map(y+->(y=(random(100) - random(100))),variables x) )
Type: Void
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is?(eq:Equation Scalar):Boolean == (Simplify(lhs(eq)-rhs(eq))=0)::Boolean
Function declaration is? : Equation(Expression(Integer)) -> Boolean
has been added to workspace.
Type: Void
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Is?(eq:Equation(Matrix(Scalar))):Boolean == _
(map(Simplify,lhs(eq)-rhs(eq)) :: Matrix Expression AlgebraicNumber = _
zero(nrows(lhs(eq)),ncols(lhs(eq)))$Matrix Expression AlgebraicNumber )::Boolean
Function declaration Is? : Equation(Matrix(Expression(Integer))) ->
Boolean has been added to workspace.
Type: Void
Massive Objects
A material object (also referred to as an observer) is
represented by a time-like 4-vector
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P:=vect [p0,p1,p2,p3]
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Compiling function vect with type List(Expression(Integer)) ->
Matrix(Expression(Integer))
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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dot(P,P)
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Compiling function g with type Matrix(Expression(Integer)) -> Matrix
(Expression(Integer))
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Compiling function dot with type (Matrix(Expression(Integer)),Matrix
(Expression(Integer))) -> Expression(Integer)
Type: Expression(Integer)
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solve(%=-1,p0)
Type: List(Equation(Expression(Integer)))
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Q:=vect [q0,q1,q2,q3];
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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S:=1/sqrt(1-s1^2-s2^2-s3^2)*vect [1,-s1,-s2,-s3]
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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dot(S,S)
Type: Expression(Integer)
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T:=1/sqrt(1-t1^2-t2^2-t3^2)*vect [1,-t1,-t2,-t3];
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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W:=1/sqrt(1-w1^2-w2^2-w3^2)*vect [1,-w1,-w2,-w3];
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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U:=vect [cosh(u),sinh(u),0,0]
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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simplify dot(U,U)
Type: Expression(Integer)
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V:=vect [cosh(v),sinh(v),0,0];
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
Massless Photons
A photon is a represented by a light-like null 4-vector
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A:=vect [a0,a0*a1,a0*a2,a0*a3]
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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solve(dot(A,A)=0,a3)
Type: List(Equation(Expression(Integer)))
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A:=vect [a0,a0*a1,a0*a2,a0*sqrt(1-a1^2-a2^2)]
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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dot(A,A)
Type: Expression(Integer)
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B:=vect [b0,b0*b1,b0*b2,b0*sqrt(1-b1^2-b2^2)]
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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C:=vect [c0,c0*c1,c0*c2,c0*sqrt(1-c1^2-c2^2)]
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
Observer "at rest"
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R:=vect [1,0,0,0]
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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dot(R,R)
Type: Expression(Integer)
Associated with each such vector is the orthogonal 3-d Euclidean subspace
Relative Velocity
An object P has a unique relative velocity ω(P,Q) with respect
to object Q given by
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ω(P,Q)==-P/dot(P,Q)-Q
Type: Void
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map(Simplify, ω(P,Q))
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Compiling function ω with type (Matrix(Expression(Integer)),Matrix(
Expression(Integer))) -> Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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Compiling body of rule htrigs2exp to compute value of type Ruleset(
Integer,Integer,Expression(Integer))
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Compiling body of rule sinhcosh to compute value of type Ruleset(
Integer,Integer,Expression(Integer))
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Compiling function Simplify with type Expression(Integer) ->
Expression(Integer)
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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map(Simplify, ω(P,R))
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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map(Simplify, ω(S,T))
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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map(Simplify, ω(S,R))
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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map(Simplify, ω(U,V))
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
Idempotent Observers
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PP:=tensor(-P,P)
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Compiling function tensor with type (Matrix(Expression(Integer)),
Matrix(Expression(Integer))) -> Matrix(Expression(Integer))
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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QQ:=tensor(-Q,Q);
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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is?(trace(PP*QQ)=dot(P,Q)^2)
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Compiling function is? with type Equation(Expression(Integer)) ->
Boolean
Type: Boolean
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RR:=tensor(-R,R)
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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SS:=map(Simplify,tensor(-S,S))
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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Is?(SS*SS=SS)
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Compiling function Is? with type Equation(Matrix(Expression(Integer)
)) -> Boolean
Type: Boolean
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trace(SS)
Type: Expression(Integer)
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TT:=map(Simplify,tensor(-T,T));
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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Is?(SS*TT*SS = dot(S,T)^2 * SS)
Type: Boolean
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UU:=map(Simplify,tensor(-U,U))
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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VV:=map(Simplify,tensor(-V,V));
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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map(Simplify, UU*VV)
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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WW:=map(Simplify,tensor(-W,W));
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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Is?(SS*TT*WW = -dot(S,T)*dot(T,W)/dot(S,W)*SS*WW)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(SS*TT*SS = dot(S,T)^2*SS)
Type: Boolean
Nilpotent Operators
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AA:=tensor(-A,A)
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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BB:=tensor(-B,B);
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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CC:=tensor(-C,C);
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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Is?(AA*AA=0*AA)
Type: Boolean
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trace(AA)
Type: Expression(Integer)
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is?(trace(AA*BB)=dot(A,B)^2)
Type: Boolean
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dot(A,B)
Type: Expression(Integer)
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possible(%)::Complex Float
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Compiling function possible with type Expression(Integer) ->
Expression(Integer)
Type: Complex(Float)
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Is?(AA*BB*CC = -dot(A,B)*dot(B,C)/dot(A,C)*AA*CC)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(AA*BB*SS = -dot(A,B)*dot(B,S)/dot(A,S)*AA*SS)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(AA*BB*SS=SS*AA*BB)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(AA*BB*AA = dot(A,B)^2*AA)
Type: Boolean
Lie Bracket
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STW:=(SS*TT-TT*SS)*WW;
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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Is?(STW*STW=0*STW)
Type: Boolean
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trace(STW)
Type: Expression(Integer)
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solve(map(x+->x=0,members(STW-AA)),[a0,a1,a2,a3])
Type: List(List(Equation(Expression(Integer))))
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ABC:=(AA*BB-BB*AA)*CC;
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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Is?(ABC*ABC=0*ABC)
Type: Boolean
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trace(ABC)
Type: Expression(Integer)
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PQR:=(PP*QQ-PP*QQ)*tensor(-vect([r0,r1,r2,r3]),vect([r0,r1,r2,r3]));
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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Is?(PQR*PQR=0*PQR)
Type: Boolean
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trace(PQR)
Type: NonNegativeInteger
?
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map(Simplify,(PP*QQ-QQ*PP)*(PP*QQ-QQ*PP))
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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trace((PP*QQ-QQ*PP))
Type: Expression(Integer)
Unit
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-(PP*QQ+QQ*PP)+PP+QQ;
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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2/trace(%)*%;
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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trace %
Type: Expression(Integer)
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n:=map(Simplify,-(SS*TT+TT*SS)+SS+TT);
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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Is?(n = (SS-TT)*(SS-TT) )
Type: Boolean
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N:=map(Simplify,2/trace(n)*n);
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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Simplify trace N
Type: Expression(Integer)
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Is?(N*N=N)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(SS*N=SS)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(TT*N=TT)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(N*SS=SS)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(N*TT=TT)
Type: Boolean
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-(PP*RR+RR*PP)+PP+RR;
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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2/trace(%)*%
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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-(SS*RR+RR*SS)+SS+RR;
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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2/trace(%)*%
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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-(UU*RR+RR*UU)+UU+RR;
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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map(Simplify,2/trace(%)*%)
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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-(UU*VV+VV*UU)+UU+VV;
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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map(Simplify,2/trace(%)*%)
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
Momentum
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m:=map(x+->factor(numer x)/factor(denom x),-(PP*QQ+QQ*PP)/dot(P,Q)+PP+QQ)
Type: Matrix(Fraction(Factored(SparseMultivariatePolynomial
?(Integer,
Kernel(Expression(Integer))))))
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Is?(m = tensor(-(P+Q),(P+Q)))
Type: Boolean
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factor trace m
Type: Factored(SparseMultivariatePolynomial
?(Integer,
Kernel(Expression(Integer))))
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M:=1/trace(m)*m::Matrix Scalar;
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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trace M
Type: Expression(Integer)
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Is?(M*M=M)
Type: Boolean
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(PP*RR+RR*PP)/dot(P,R)-PP-RR;
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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1/trace(%)*%
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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trace %
Type: Expression(Integer)
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--(SS*RR+RR*SS)/dot(S,R)-SS-RR;
--map(Simplify,1/trace(%)*%)
--(UU*VV+VV*UU)/dot(U,V)-UU-VV;
--1/trace(%)*%
(UU*RR+RR*UU)/dot(U,R)-UU-RR;
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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map(Simplify,1/trace(%)*%)
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
Unit for 3 Observers
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gamma(p,q) == -dot(p,q)
Type: Void
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-- Silberstein
f:=determinant(matrix [[1,gamma(P,Q),gamma(P,R)], _
[gamma(P,Q),1,gamma(Q,R)], _
[gamma(P,R),gamma(Q,R),1]] )
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Compiling function gamma with type (Matrix(Expression(Integer)),
Matrix(Expression(Integer))) -> Expression(Integer)
Type: Expression(Integer)
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nf:=map(Simplify, (-gamma(P,Q)*gamma(P,R)+gamma(Q,R))/gamma(Q,R)*RR*QQ + _
(-gamma(Q,R)*gamma(Q,P)+gamma(R,P))/gamma(R,P)*RR*PP + _
(-gamma(P,Q)*gamma(P,R)+gamma(Q,R))/gamma(Q,R)*QQ*RR + _
(-gamma(R,Q)*gamma(R,P)+gamma(Q,P))/gamma(Q,P)*QQ*PP + _
(-gamma(Q,R)*gamma(Q,P)+gamma(R,P))/gamma(R,P)*PP*RR + _
(-gamma(R,Q)*gamma(R,P)+gamma(Q,P))/gamma(Q,P)*PP*QQ + _
(gamma(Q,R)^2-1)*PP + _
(gamma(P,Q)^2-1)*RR + _
(gamma(P,R)^2-1)*QQ );
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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n := 1/f*nf;
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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N:=map(Simplify,3/trace(n)*n);
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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Simplify trace N
Type: Expression(Integer)
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Is?(N*N=N)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(PP*N=PP)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(QQ*N=QQ)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(RR*N=RR)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(N*PP=PP)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(N*QQ=QQ)
Type: Boolean
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Is?(N*RR=RR)
Type: Boolean
Orthogonal Observers
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PP' := N - (1/trace(PP))*PP
Type: Matrix(Expression(Integer))
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Is?(PP'*PP' = PP')
Type: Boolean
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trace PP'
Type: Expression(Integer)
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Is?(PP'*PP = 0*PP)
Type: Boolean
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-- derivation
Is?(PP'*(QQ*RR) = (PP'*QQ)*RR + QQ*(PP'*RR))
Type: Boolean