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last edited 1 year ago by test1 |
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Editor: 127.0.0.1
Time: 2007/11/11 11:37:39 GMT-8 |
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Note: transferred from axiom-developer |
The following Aldor code was given as an example by Ralf Hemmecke and added to the wiki by Martin Rubey. See the thread:
http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/axiom-developer/2006-07/msg00046.html
#include "axiom" define CatA: Category == with { } define CatB: Category == with { } define SomeCat: Category == with { CatA; CatB; } Dom: SomeCat == Integer add; A == Dom; B: CatA == Dom; H: CatA == Dom add; main1():List Record(expression:String,result:Boolean) == [ ["A has CatA",A has CatA], ["A has CatB",A has CatB], ["A has SomeCat",A has SomeCat], ["B has CatA",B has CatA], ["B has CatB",B has CatB], ["B has SomeCat",B has SomeCat], ["H has CatA",H has CatA], ["H has CatB",H has CatB], ["H has SomeCat",H has SomeCat]];
Compiling FriCAS source code from file /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3788028526442996283-25px001.as using AXIOM-XL compiler and options -O -Fasy -Fao -Flsp -laxiom -Mno-AXL_W_WillObsolete -DAxiom -Y $AXIOM/algebra Use the system command )set compiler args to change these options. #1 (Warning) Deprecated message prefix: use `ALDOR_' instead of `_AXL' Compiling Lisp source code from file ./3788028526442996283-25px001.lsp Issuing )library command for 3788028526442996283-25px001 Reading /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3788028526442996283-25px001.asy A is now explicitly exposed in frame initial A will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3788028526442996283-25px001 B is now explicitly exposed in frame initial B will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3788028526442996283-25px001 CatA is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatA will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3788028526442996283-25px001 Dom is now explicitly exposed in frame initial Dom will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3788028526442996283-25px001 CatB is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatB will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3788028526442996283-25px001 SomeCat is now explicitly exposed in frame initial SomeCat will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3788028526442996283-25px001 H is now explicitly exposed in frame initial H will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3788028526442996283-25px001
You get...
main1()
(1) |
)clear completely
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In particular, that "B has CatB?" is a bit surprising, isn't it?
Bill Page replied:
I think you are dealing here with two separate but related issues: 1) *static* typing, and 2) inheritance rules. All types in Aldor are static (or at least *nearly static*) meaning that they must be resolved during the compilation phase.
#include "axiom"
define CatA: Category == with; define CatB: Category == with; define CatX: Category == with {CatA; CatB;}
A: Join(CatX, CatA) == add; B: Join(CatX, CatB) == add; import from Integer; X: CatX == if odd? random(10) then A else B;
Compiling FriCAS source code from file /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/934600477956551444-25px003.as using AXIOM-XL compiler and options -O -Fasy -Fao -Flsp -laxiom -Mno-AXL_W_WillObsolete -DAxiom -Y $AXIOM/algebra Use the system command )set compiler args to change these options. #1 (Warning) Deprecated message prefix: use `ALDOR_' instead of `_AXL' Compiling Lisp source code from file ./934600477956551444-25px003.lsp Issuing )library command for 934600477956551444-25px003 Reading /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/934600477956551444-25px003.asy A is now explicitly exposed in frame initial A will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/934600477956551444-25px003 B is now explicitly exposed in frame initial B will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/934600477956551444-25px003 CatX is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatX will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/934600477956551444-25px003 X is now explicitly exposed in frame initial X will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/934600477956551444-25px003 CatA is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatA will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/934600477956551444-25px003 CatB is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatB will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/934600477956551444-25px003
Try a little harder to create dynamic types:
#include "axiom"
import from Integer;
define CatA: Category == with {n:Integer}; define CatB: Category == with {n:Integer}; define CatX: Category == with {n:Integer};
A: Join(CatX, CatA) == add { n:Integer==1 }; B: Join(CatX, CatB) == add { n:Integer==2 }; X1: CatX == if odd? random(10) then (A add) else (B add); X2: CatX == if even? random(10) then (A add) else (B add);
Compiling FriCAS source code from file /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/4046171615798297799-25px004.as using AXIOM-XL compiler and options -O -Fasy -Fao -Flsp -laxiom -Mno-AXL_W_WillObsolete -DAxiom -Y $AXIOM/algebra Use the system command )set compiler args to change these options. #1 (Warning) Deprecated message prefix: use `ALDOR_' instead of `_AXL' Compiling Lisp source code from file ./4046171615798297799-25px004.lsp Issuing )library command for 4046171615798297799-25px004 Reading /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/4046171615798297799-25px004.asy A is already explicitly exposed in frame initial A will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/4046171615798297799-25px004 B is already explicitly exposed in frame initial B will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/4046171615798297799-25px004 CatX is already explicitly exposed in frame initial CatX will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/4046171615798297799-25px004 CatA is already explicitly exposed in frame initial CatA will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/4046171615798297799-25px004 CatB is already explicitly exposed in frame initial CatB will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/4046171615798297799-25px004 X1 is now explicitly exposed in frame initial X1 will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/4046171615798297799-25px004 X2 is now explicitly exposed in frame initial X2 will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/4046171615798297799-25px004
for i in 1..10 repeat output [n()$X1,n()$X2]
[1,1] [1,1] [1,1] [1,1] [1,1] [1,1] [1,1] [1,1] [1,1] [1,1]
)clear completely
All user variables and function definitions have been cleared. All )browse facility databases have been cleared. Internally cached functions and constructors have been cleared. )clear completely is finished.
Or this way:
#include "axiom" import from Integer;
define CatA: Category == with {n:Integer}; define CatB: Category == with {n:Integer}; define CatX: Category == with {CatA; CatB; n:Integer};
A: Join(CatX, CatA) == add { n:Integer==1 }; B: Join(CatX, CatB) == add { n:Integer==2 }; Y1: CatX == if odd? random(10) then A else B; Y2: CatX == if even? random(10) then A else B;
Compiling FriCAS source code from file /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3471379723332304579-25px006.as using AXIOM-XL compiler and options -O -Fasy -Fao -Flsp -laxiom -Mno-AXL_W_WillObsolete -DAxiom -Y $AXIOM/algebra Use the system command )set compiler args to change these options. #1 (Warning) Deprecated message prefix: use `ALDOR_' instead of `_AXL' Compiling Lisp source code from file ./3471379723332304579-25px006.lsp Issuing )library command for 3471379723332304579-25px006 Reading /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3471379723332304579-25px006.asy A is now explicitly exposed in frame initial A will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3471379723332304579-25px006 B is now explicitly exposed in frame initial B will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3471379723332304579-25px006 CatX is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatX will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3471379723332304579-25px006 CatA is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatA will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3471379723332304579-25px006 CatB is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatB will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3471379723332304579-25px006 Y1 is now explicitly exposed in frame initial Y1 will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3471379723332304579-25px006 Y2 is now explicitly exposed in frame initial Y2 will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/3471379723332304579-25px006
for i in 1..10 repeat output [n()$Y1,n()$Y2]
[2,1] [2,1] [2,1] [2,1] [2,1] [2,1] [2,1] [2,1] [2,1] [2,1]
)clear completely
All user variables and function definitions have been cleared. All )browse facility databases have been cleared. Internally cached functions and constructors have been cleared. )clear completely is finished.
Or like this:
#include "axiom" import from Integer; define CatX: Category == with {foo: () -> Integer} A: CatX == add {foo(): Integer == 0;} B: CatX == add {foo(): Integer == 1;} Z: CatX == if odd? random(10) then A else B;
Compiling FriCAS source code from file /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/5702025508533234167-25px008.as using AXIOM-XL compiler and options -O -Fasy -Fao -Flsp -laxiom -Mno-AXL_W_WillObsolete -DAxiom -Y $AXIOM/algebra Use the system command )set compiler args to change these options. #1 (Warning) Deprecated message prefix: use `ALDOR_' instead of `_AXL' Compiling Lisp source code from file ./5702025508533234167-25px008.lsp Issuing )library command for 5702025508533234167-25px008 Reading /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/5702025508533234167-25px008.asy A is now explicitly exposed in frame initial A will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/5702025508533234167-25px008 B is now explicitly exposed in frame initial B will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/5702025508533234167-25px008 CatX is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatX will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/5702025508533234167-25px008 Z is now explicitly exposed in frame initial Z will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/5702025508533234167-25px008
for i in 1..10 repeat output foo()$Z
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
)clear completely
All user variables and function definitions have been cleared. All )browse facility databases have been cleared. Internally cached functions and constructors have been cleared. )clear completely is finished.
Ralf Hemmecke asked: Why does the compiler reject the program without the "add" in line (*)?
#include "axiom"
define CatA: Category == with; define CatB: Category == with; define CatX: Category == with; A: CatX with { CatA } == add; B: CatX with { CatB } == add; X: CatX == if true then (A add) else (B add); -- (*)
main2():List Record(expression:String,result:Boolean) == [ ["X has CatA",X has CatA], ["X has CatB",X has CatB], ["X has CatX",X has CatX]];
Compiling FriCAS source code from file /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7712043450922662837-25px010.as using AXIOM-XL compiler and options -O -Fasy -Fao -Flsp -laxiom -Mno-AXL_W_WillObsolete -DAxiom -Y $AXIOM/algebra Use the system command )set compiler args to change these options. #1 (Warning) Deprecated message prefix: use `ALDOR_' instead of `_AXL' Compiling Lisp source code from file ./7712043450922662837-25px010.lsp Issuing )library command for 7712043450922662837-25px010 Reading /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7712043450922662837-25px010.asy A is now explicitly exposed in frame initial A will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7712043450922662837-25px010 B is now explicitly exposed in frame initial B will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7712043450922662837-25px010 CatX is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatX will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7712043450922662837-25px010 X is now explicitly exposed in frame initial X will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7712043450922662837-25px010 CatA is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatA will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7712043450922662837-25px010 CatB is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatB will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7712043450922662837-25px010
main2()
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)clear completely
All user variables and function definitions have been cleared. All )browse facility databases have been cleared. Internally cached functions and constructors have been cleared. )clear completely is finished.
Christian Aistleitner provided this answer:
I'd consider that a bug in comparison of exports. Replacing your (*) line by:
X: CatX == if true then (A@CatX) else (B@CatX);
gives a working program.
#include "axiom"
define CatA: Category == with; define CatB: Category == with; define CatX: Category == with; A: CatX with { CatA } == add; B: CatX with { CatB } == add; X: CatX == if true then A@CatX else B@CatX; -- (*)
main3():List Record(expression:String,result:Boolean) == [ ["X has CatA",X has CatA], ["X has CatB",X has CatB], ["X has CatX",X has CatX]];
Compiling FriCAS source code from file /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/1208324321343406004-25px012.as using AXIOM-XL compiler and options -O -Fasy -Fao -Flsp -laxiom -Mno-AXL_W_WillObsolete -DAxiom -Y $AXIOM/algebra Use the system command )set compiler args to change these options. #1 (Warning) Deprecated message prefix: use `ALDOR_' instead of `_AXL' Compiling Lisp source code from file ./1208324321343406004-25px012.lsp Issuing )library command for 1208324321343406004-25px012 Reading /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/1208324321343406004-25px012.asy A is now explicitly exposed in frame initial A will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/1208324321343406004-25px012 B is now explicitly exposed in frame initial B will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/1208324321343406004-25px012 CatX is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatX will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/1208324321343406004-25px012 X is now explicitly exposed in frame initial X will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/1208324321343406004-25px012 CatA is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatA will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/1208324321343406004-25px012 CatB is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatB will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/1208324321343406004-25px012
main3()
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)clear completely
All user variables and function definitions have been cleared. All )browse facility databases have been cleared. Internally cached functions and constructors have been cleared. )clear completely is finished.
So the problem (wild guess) is that the compiler Has problems with seeing that the if statement gives CatX? in both branches of the if statement. Mainly because the types of A and B aro not equal. However, you can hint the compiler. My code is telling him "The if part gives CatX? and the else part gives CatX?". Then the compiler can infer, that the whole "if" statement gives CatX?. And it is at least the type of X (which is CatX?). So it matches.
#include "axiom" import from Integer; define CatA: Category == with; define CatB: Category == with; define CatX: Category == with; A: Join(CatX, CatA) == add; B: Join(CatX, CatB) == add;
MyPkg(X: CatX): with {isA?: () -> Boolean} == add { isA?(): Boolean == X has CatA; } main4(n:Integer): Boolean == { X: CatX == if zero? n then (A@CatX) else (B@CatX); isA?()$MyPkg(X); }
Compiling FriCAS source code from file /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/6804229532583544981-25px014.as using AXIOM-XL compiler and options -O -Fasy -Fao -Flsp -laxiom -Mno-AXL_W_WillObsolete -DAxiom -Y $AXIOM/algebra Use the system command )set compiler args to change these options. #1 (Warning) Deprecated message prefix: use `ALDOR_' instead of `_AXL' Compiling Lisp source code from file ./6804229532583544981-25px014.lsp Issuing )library command for 6804229532583544981-25px014 Reading /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/6804229532583544981-25px014.asy A is now explicitly exposed in frame initial A will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/6804229532583544981-25px014 B is now explicitly exposed in frame initial B will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/6804229532583544981-25px014 CatX is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatX will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/6804229532583544981-25px014 MyPkg is now explicitly exposed in frame initial MyPkg will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/6804229532583544981-25px014 CatA is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatA will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/6804229532583544981-25px014 CatB is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatB will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/6804229532583544981-25px014
main4(0)
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main4(1)
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)clear completely
All user variables and function definitions have been cleared. All )browse facility databases have been cleared. Internally cached functions and constructors have been cleared. )clear completely is finished.
In the following code we have the correspondence:
A <--> B String <--> with "x" <--> String "y" <--> Integer
#include "axiom" define CatA(s: String): Category == with; A(s: String): CatA(s) == add;
define CatB(s: with): Category == with; B(s: with): CatB(s) == add;
rhxmain(): List Record(s: String, b: Boolean) == [ ["A x has CatA x", (A("x") has CatA("x"))], ["A y has CatA x", (A("y") has CatA("x"))], ["B String has CatB String", (B(String) has CatB(String))], ["B Integer has CatB String",(B(Integer) has CatB(String))] ];
Compiling FriCAS source code from file /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7724360379013079758-25px016.as using AXIOM-XL compiler and options -O -Fasy -Fao -Flsp -laxiom -Mno-AXL_W_WillObsolete -DAxiom -Y $AXIOM/algebra Use the system command )set compiler args to change these options. #1 (Warning) Deprecated message prefix: use `ALDOR_' instead of `_AXL' Compiling Lisp source code from file ./7724360379013079758-25px016.lsp Issuing )library command for 7724360379013079758-25px016 Reading /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7724360379013079758-25px016.asy A is now explicitly exposed in frame initial A will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7724360379013079758-25px016 B is now explicitly exposed in frame initial B will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7724360379013079758-25px016 CatA is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatA will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7724360379013079758-25px016 CatB is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CatB will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7724360379013079758-25px016
The interesting part is that the truth value of the second and fourth list elements do not agree.
rhxmain()
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)clear completely
All user variables and function definitions have been cleared. All )browse facility databases have been cleared. Internally cached functions and constructors have been cleared. )clear completely is finished.
An example of a domain-valued variable
#include "axiom" #pile
main5(n:Integer):List Boolean == local x:IntegralDomain local y:Category
if n=1 then y := Field else y := Ring
x := Integer test1:Boolean := x has y x := Fraction Integer test2:Boolean := x has y [test1,test2]
Compiling FriCAS source code from file /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/1586618870818532942-25px018.as using AXIOM-XL compiler and options -O -Fasy -Fao -Flsp -laxiom -Mno-AXL_W_WillObsolete -DAxiom -Y $AXIOM/algebra Use the system command )set compiler args to change these options. #1 (Warning) Deprecated message prefix: use `ALDOR_' instead of `_AXL' Compiling Lisp source code from file ./1586618870818532942-25px018.lsp Issuing )library command for 1586618870818532942-25px018 Reading /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/1586618870818532942-25px018.asy
main5(1)
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main5(2)
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)clear completely
All user variables and function definitions have been cleared. All )browse facility databases have been cleared. Internally cached functions and constructors have been cleared. )clear completely is finished.
The compiler checks static types.
#include "axiom" #pile
main6():List Boolean == local x:IntegralDomain
x := Integer test1:Boolean := x has Field x := String test2:Boolean := x has Field [test1,test2]
Compiling FriCAS source code from file /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/395909315557564304-25px020.as using AXIOM-XL compiler and options -O -Fasy -Fao -Flsp -laxiom -Mno-AXL_W_WillObsolete -DAxiom -Y $AXIOM/algebra Use the system command )set compiler args to change these options. #1 (Warning) Deprecated message prefix: use `ALDOR_' instead of `_AXL' "/var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/395909315557564304-25px020.as", line 9: x := String .......^ [L9 C8] #2 (Error) There is no suitable interpretation for the expression String The context requires an expression of type IntegralDomain. The possible types of the right hand side (`String') are: -- Join( with == add () ...
The )library system command was not called after compilation.
But note that we cannot define domain-valued variables in the Axiom interpreter.
x:IntegralDomain
IntegralDomain is a category, not a domain, and declarations require domains.
#include "axiom" #pile
MyDom: with sigs:List Category add2:(MyDom,MyDom) -> MyDom sub2:(MyDom,MyDom) -> MyDom neg: MyDom -> MyDom == add import from Integer Rep == Integer
sigs:List Category == [with {add2:(MyDom,MyDom)->MyDom}, with {sub2:(MyDom,MyDom)->MyDom}, with {neg:MyDom->MyDom}]
add2(x:%,y:%):% == per(rep(x) + rep(y)) sub2(x:%,y:%):% == per(rep(x) - rep(y)) neg(x:%):% == per(-rep(x))
main8():List Boolean == import from ListFunctions2(Category,Boolean)
map((i:Category):Boolean+->(MyDom has i), sigs$MyDom)
Compiling FriCAS source code from file /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7325620604487185069-25px022.as using AXIOM-XL compiler and options -O -Fasy -Fao -Flsp -laxiom -Mno-AXL_W_WillObsolete -DAxiom -Y $AXIOM/algebra Use the system command )set compiler args to change these options. #1 (Warning) Deprecated message prefix: use `ALDOR_' instead of `_AXL' Compiling Lisp source code from file ./7325620604487185069-25px022.lsp Issuing )library command for 7325620604487185069-25px022 Reading /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7325620604487185069-25px022.asy MyDom is now explicitly exposed in frame initial MyDom will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/zope2/var/LatexWiki/7325620604487185069-25px022
)sh MyDom
MyDom is a domain constructor Abbreviation for MyDom is MYDOM This constructor is exposed in this frame. Issue )edit 7325620604487185069-25px022.as to see algebra source code for MYDOM
------------------------------- Operations -------------------------------- add2 : (MyDom,MyDom) -> MyDom neg : MyDom -> MyDom sigs : () -> List Category sub2 : (MyDom,MyDom) -> MyDom
main8()
>> System error: Caught fatal error [memory may be damaged]