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Refs:

We need the Axiom LinearOperator library.

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(1) -> )library CARTEN ARITY CMONAL CPROP CLOP CALEY
CartesianTensor is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CartesianTensor will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/aw/var/LatexWiki/CARTEN.NRLIB/CARTEN Arity is now explicitly exposed in frame initial Arity will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/aw/var/LatexWiki/ARITY.NRLIB/ARITY ClosedMonoidal is now explicitly exposed in frame initial ClosedMonoidal will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/aw/var/LatexWiki/CMONAL.NRLIB/CMONAL ClosedProp is now explicitly exposed in frame initial ClosedProp will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/aw/var/LatexWiki/CPROP.NRLIB/CPROP ClosedLinearOperator is now explicitly exposed in frame initial ClosedLinearOperator will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/aw/var/LatexWiki/CLOP.NRLIB/CLOP CaleyDickson is now explicitly exposed in frame initial CaleyDickson will be automatically loaded when needed from /var/aw/var/LatexWiki/CALEY.NRLIB/CALEY

Use the following macros for convenient notation

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-- summation
macro Σ(x,i,n)==reduce(+,[x for i in n])
Type: Void
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-- list
macro Ξ(f,i,n)==[f for i in n]
Type: Void
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-- subscript and superscripts
macro sb == subscript
Type: Void
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macro sp == superscript
Type: Void

𝐋 is the domain of 2-dimensional linear operators over the rational functions ℚ (Expression Integer), i.e. ratio of polynomials with integer coefficients.

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dim:=2

\label{eq1}2(1)
Type: PositiveInteger?
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macro ℒ == List
Type: Void
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macro ℂ == CaleyDickson
Type: Void
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macro ℚ == Expression Integer
Type: Void
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𝐋 := ClosedLinearOperator(OVAR ['1,'2], ℚ)

\label{eq2}\hbox{\axiomType{ClosedLinearOperator}\ } (\hbox{\axiomType{OrderedVariableList}\ } ([ 1, 2 ]) , \hbox{\axiomType{Expression}\ } (\hbox{\axiomType{Integer}\ }))(2)
Type: Type
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𝐞:ℒ 𝐋      := basisOut()

\label{eq3}\left[{|_{\  1}}, \:{|_{\  2}}\right](3)
Type: List(ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer)))
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𝐝:ℒ 𝐋      := basisIn()

\label{eq4}\left[{|^{\  1}}, \:{|^{\  2}}\right](4)
Type: List(ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer)))
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I:𝐋:=[1]   -- identity for composition

\label{eq5}{|_{\  1}^{\  1}}+{|_{\  2}^{\  2}}(5)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))
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X:𝐋:=[2,1] -- twist

\label{eq6}{|_{\  1 \  1}^{\  1 \  1}}+{|_{\  2 \  1}^{\  1 \  2}}+{|_{\  1 \  2}^{\  2 \  1}}+{|_{\  2 \  2}^{\  2 \  2}}(6)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))
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V:𝐋:=ev(1) -- evaluation

\label{eq7}{|^{\  1 \  1}}+{|^{\  2 \  2}}(7)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))
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Λ:𝐋:=co(1) -- co-evaluation

\label{eq8}{|_{\  1 \  1}}+{|_{\  2 \  2}}(8)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))
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!:𝐋:=[-1]  -- color change 1 -> 1*

\label{eq9}{|_{\ {1_{\ }^{<em>}}}^{\  1}}+{|_{\ {2_{\ }^{</em>}}}^{\  2}}(9)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))
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$:𝐋:=dagger ! -- 1* -> 1

\label{eq10}{|_{\  1}^{\ {1_{\ }^{<em>}}}}+{|_{\  2}^{\ {2_{\ }^{</em>}}}}(10)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))
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J:𝐋:=$/!

\label{eq11}{|_{\ {1_{\ }^{<em>}}}^{\ {1_{\ }^{</em>}}}}+{|_{\ {2_{\ }^{<em>}}}^{\ {2_{\ }^{</em>}}}}(11)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))
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test(!/$=I)

\label{eq12} \mbox{\rm true} (12)
Type: Boolean
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equate(eq)==map((x,y)+->(x=y),ravel lhs eq, ravel rhs eq);
Type: Void

We want to be able to implement linear operators with two "colors" like the following:


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\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](10.8,1.6)(10.8,0.4)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](10.4,3.2)(10.4,4.2)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](10.8,3.2)(10.8,4.2)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](10.8,1.6)(11.4,2.2)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](10.4,1.6)(11.2,2.4)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](10.4,0.4)(10.8,0.4)
\psline[linewidth=0.03cm](10.4,4.2)(10.8,4.2)
\psline[linewidth=0.03cm](6.8,4.2)(6.8,0.4)
\psline[linewidth=0.03cm](7.1850057,4.2)(7.1850057,0.41349542)
\psline[linewidth=0.03cm](6.8,0.41349542)(7.1850057,0.41349542)
\psline[linewidth=0.03cm](6.8,4.2)(7.2,4.2)
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\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](0.6,4.2)(0.6,0.4)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](1.0,4.2)(1.0,1.0)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](0.6,0.4)(1.0,0.4)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](1.0,0.4)(3.6,3.2)
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\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](3.2,1.6)(3.2,0.4)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](3.6,3.2)(3.6,4.2)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](3.2,3.2)(3.2,4.2)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](3.2,1.6)(2.6,2.2)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](3.6,1.6)(2.8,2.4)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](3.6,0.4)(3.2,0.4)
\psline[linewidth=0.03cm](3.6,4.2)(3.2,4.2)
\psline[linewidth=0.03cm,linestyle=dashed,dash=0.16cm 0.16cm](0.8,4.2)(0.8,0.8)
\usefont{T1}{ptm}{m}{n}
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\psline[linewidth=0.03cm,linestyle=dotted,dotsep=0.16cm](0.0,1.6)(14.0,1.6)
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\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](3.6,-0.8)(3.6,-3.6)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](3.2,-4.2)(3.6,-4.2)
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\psline[linewidth=0.03cm,linestyle=dashed,dash=0.16cm 0.16cm](3.4,-0.8)(3.4,-4.0)
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\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](9.2,-1.4)(10.2,-0.4)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](10.2,-0.4)(10.6,-0.4)
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\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](10.2,-0.8)(10.2,-3.6)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](10.6,-4.2)(10.2,-4.2)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](10.2,-4.2)(9.2,-3.0)
\psline[linewidth=0.04cm](10.6,-4.2)(9.6,-3.0)
\psline[linewidth=0.03cm,linestyle=dashed,dash=0.16cm 0.16cm](10.4,-0.8)(10.4,-4.0)
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An example starting with Complex Algebra

The basis consists of the real and imaginary units. We use complex multiplication to form the "multiplication table" as a matrix. Then the structure constants can be obtained by dividing each matrix entry by the list of basis vectors.

Split-complex can be specified by Caley-Dickson parameter (q0 = -1)

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--q:=1  -- split-complex
q:=sp('i,[2])

\label{eq13}i^{2}(13)
Type: Symbol
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QQ := ℂ(ℚ,'i,q);
Type: Type

Basis: Each B.i is a complex number

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B:ℒ QQ := map(x +-> hyper x,1$SQMATRIX(dim,ℚ)::ℒ ℒ ℚ)

\label{eq14}\left[ 1, \: i \right](14)
Type: List(CaleyDickson(Expression(Integer),i,i[;2]))
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-- Multiplication table:
M:Matrix QQ := matrix Ξ(Ξ(B.i*B.j, i,1..dim), j,1..dim)

\label{eq15}\left[ 
\begin{array}{cc}
1 & i 
\
i & -{i^{2}}
(15)
Type: Matrix(CaleyDickson(Expression(Integer),i,i[;2]))
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-- Function to divide the matrix entries by a basis element
S(y) == map(x +-> real real(x/y),M)
Type: Void
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-- The result is a nested list
ѕ :=map(S,B)::ℒ ℒ ℒ ℚ
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Compiling function S with type CaleyDickson(Expression(Integer),i,i[
      ;2]) -> Matrix(Expression(Integer))

\label{eq16}\left[{\left[{\left[ 1, \: 0 \right]}, \:{\left[ 0, \: -{i^{2}}\right]}\right]}, \:{\left[{\left[ 0, \:{\frac{i^{2}}{\overline{i^{2}}}}\right]}, \:{\left[{\frac{i^{2}}{\overline{i^{2}}}}, \: 0 \right]}\right]}\right](16)
Type: List(List(List(Expression(Integer))))
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-- structure constants form a tensor operator
Y := Σ(Σ(Σ(ѕ(i)(k)(j)*𝐞.i*𝐝.j*($/𝐝.k), i,1..dim), j,1..dim), k,1..dim)

\label{eq17}{|_{\  1}^{\  1 \ {1_{\ }^{<em>}}}}+{{\frac{i^{2}}{\overline{i^{2}}}}\ {|_{\  2}^{\  1 \ {2_{\ }^{</em>}}}}}+{{\frac{i^{2}}{\overline{i^{2}}}}\ {|_{\  2}^{\  2 \ {1_{\ }^{<em>}}}}}-{{i^{2}}\ {|_{\  1}^{\  2 \ {2_{\ }^{</em>}}}}}(17)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))
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arity Y

\label{eq18}\frac{+ \  -}{+}(18)
Type: ClosedProp?(ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer)))
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Y! := (I,!)/Y

\label{eq19}{|_{\  1}^{\  1 \  1}}+{{\frac{i^{2}}{\overline{i^{2}}}}\ {|_{\  2}^{\  1 \  2}}}+{{\frac{i^{2}}{\overline{i^{2}}}}\ {|_{\  2}^{\  2 \  1}}}-{{i^{2}}\ {|_{\  1}^{\  2 \  2}}}(19)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))
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matrix Ξ(Ξ((𝐞.i*𝐞.j)/Y!, i,1..dim), j,1..dim)

\label{eq20}\left[ 
\begin{array}{cc}
{|_{\  1}}&{{\frac{i^{2}}{\overline{i^{2}}}}\ {|_{\  2}}}
\
{{\frac{i^{2}}{\overline{i^{2}}}}\ {|_{\  2}}}& -{{i^{2}}\ {|_{\  1}}}
(20)
Type: Matrix(ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer)))

Multiplication of arbitrary quaternions a and b

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a:=Σ(sb('a,[i])*𝐞.i, i,1..dim)

\label{eq21}{{a_{1}}\ {|_{\  1}}}+{{a_{2}}\ {|_{\  2}}}(21)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))
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b:=Σ(sb('b,[i])*𝐞.i, i,1..dim)

\label{eq22}{{b_{1}}\ {|_{\  1}}}+{{b_{2}}\ {|_{\  2}}}(22)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))
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(a,b)/Y!

\label{eq23}{{\left(-{{i^{2}}\ {a_{2}}\ {b_{2}}}+{{a_{1}}\ {b_{1}}}\right)}\ {|_{\  1}}}+{{\frac{{{i^{2}}\ {a_{1}}\ {b_{2}}}+{{i^{2}}\ {a_{2}}\ {b_{1}}}}{\overline{i^{2}}}}\ {|_{\  2}}}(23)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))

Multiplication is Associative

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test(
  (  Y! J ) / _
  (   Y   ) = _
  (  I Y  ) / _
  (   Y!  ) )

\label{eq24} \mbox{\rm false} (24)
Type: Boolean

A scalar product is denoted by the (2,0)-tensor U = \{ u_{ij} \}

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U:=Σ(Σ(script('u,[[],[i,j]])*𝐝.i*($/𝐝.j), i,1..dim), j,1..dim)

\label{eq25}{{u^{1, \: 1}}\ {|^{\  1 \ {1_{\ }^{<em>}}}}}+{{u^{1, \: 2}}\ {|^{\  1 \ {2_{\ }^{</em>}}}}}+{{u^{2, \: 1}}\ {|^{\  2 \ {1_{\ }^{<em>}}}}}+{{u^{2, \: 2}}\ {|^{\  2 \ {2_{\ }^{</em>}}}}}(25)
Type: ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer))
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arity U

\label{eq26}\frac{+ \  -}{0}(26)
Type: ClosedProp?(ClosedLinearOperator(OrderedVariableList([1,2]),Expression(Integer)))

Definition 1

We say that the scalar product is associative if the tensor equation holds:

    Y   =   Y
     U     U

In other words, if the (3,0)-tensor:


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\label{eq27}
\Phi = \{ \phi^{ijk} = {y^e}_{ij} u_{ek} - u_{ie} {y_e}^{jk} \}
(27)
(three-point function) is zero.

How should we color this?




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