login  home  contents  what's new  discussion  bug reports     help  links  subscribe  changes  refresh  edit

I have recently been experimenting with using Axiom for maximum likelihood estimation,
borrowing code (with permission) from "Compact Numerical Methods" by Nash.

\begin{spad} )abbrev package OPTIM OptimNash ++ Author: M. Clements ++ Date Created: 24 August 2008 ++ Date Last Updated: ++ Basic Functions: ++ Related Constructors: ++ Also See: ++ AMS Classification: ++ Keywords: ++ References: ++ Description: ++ Numerical optimisation using methods from Nash ++ Permission granted by Nash to translate from his Pascal code to Axiom axisResults ==> Record(X: Vector Float, Fmin:Float, Lowerfun: Boolean) nmminResults ==> Record(X:Vector Float, Fmin:Float, Fail:Boolean) OptimNash: Exports == Implementation where Exports == with Rosen: Vector Float -> Float ++ Rosen(Bvec) returns the Rosen function nmmin: (Vector Float, (Vector Float -> Float), Float) -> nmminResults ++ nmmin(Bvec, fminfn, intol) returns values for the optimised function axissrch :(Vector Float, Vector Float -> Float) -> axisResults ++ axissrch(Bvec, fminfn) returns the axis search method demo: () -> nmminResults ++ demo() returns the rsults of a simple demo using the Rosen function demo2: () -> nmminResults ++ demo2() returns the results of a more complex demo --optimFun: (Expression Float,List Equation Expression Float) -> nmminResults Implementation == add --writeln(Classical starting point (-1.2,1)) Rosen(Bvec: Vector Float):Float == (Bvec(2)-Bvec(1)^2)^2*100.0+(1.0-Bvec(1))^2

--nmmin(vector([11.0, 1.0]), Rosen$OPTIM, -1.0)$OPTIM nmmin(Bvec: Vector Float, fminfn: Vector Float -> Float, intol: Float):nmminResults == Pcol ==> 27 Prow ==> 26 alpha ==> 1.0 beta ==> 0.5 gamma ==> 2.0 Calceps ==> 1.0e-35 big ==> 1.0e35 -- as per R/src/main/optim.c n : Integer := #Bvec action : String C : Integer calcvert : Boolean convtol : Float f : Float funcount : Integer H : Integer i : Integer j : Integer L : Integer notcomp : Boolean n1 : Integer oldsize : Float P : Matrix Float := new(Prow,Pcol,0.0)--[1..Prow,1..Pcol] shrinkfail: Boolean size : Float step : Float temp : Float trystep : Float VH,VL,VN : Float VR : Float x : Vector Float := Bvec -- ugly declaration --writeln(Nash Algorithm 19 version 2 1988-03-17) --writeln( Nelder Mead polytope direct search function minimiser) --writeln(confile,Nash Algorithm 19 version 2 1988-03-17) --writeln(confile, Nelder Mead polytope direct search function minimiser) fail := false (f,notcomp) := (fminfn(Bvec),false) if notcomp then --writeln(**** Function cannot be evaluated at initial parameters ****) --writeln(confile, -- **** Function cannot be evaluated at initial parameters ****) fail := true else --writeln(Function value for initial parameters = ,f) --writeln(confile,Function value for initial parameters = ,f) if intol<0.0 then intol := Calceps funcount := 1 convtol := intol*(abs(f)+intol) --writeln( Scaled convergence tolerance is ,convtol) --writeln(confile, Scaled convergence tolerance is ,convtol) n1 := n+1 C := n+2 P(n1,1) := f for i in 1..n repeat P(i,1) := Bvec(i) L := 1 size := 0.0 step := 0.0 for i in 1..n repeat if 0.1abs(Bvec(i))>step then step := 0.1abs(Bvec(i)) --writeln(Stepsize computed as ,step) --writeln(confile,Stepsize computed as ,step) for j in 2..n1 repeat action := "BUILD " for i in 1..n repeat P(i,j) := Bvec(i) trystep := step while P(j-1,j)=Bvec(j-1) repeat

P(j-1,j) := Bvec(j-1)+trystep trystep := trystep*10.0 size := size+trystep oldsize := size calcvert := true shrinkfail := false repeat if calcvert then for j in 1..n1 repeat if j~=L then for i in 1..n repeat Bvec(i) := P(i,j) (f,notcomp) := (fminfn(Bvec),false) if notcomp or f>=big then f := big funcount := funcount+1 P(n1,j) := f calcvert := false VL := P(n1,L) VH := VL H := L for j in 1..n1 repeat if j~=L then f := P(n1,j) if fVH then H := j VH := f if VH>VL+convtol then --str(funcount:5,tstr) --writeln(action,tstr,' ,VH, ,VL) --writeln(confile,action,tstr, ,VH, ',VL) VN := betaVL+(1.0-beta)VH for i in 1..n repeat temp := -P(i,H) for j in 1..n1 repeat temp := temp+P(i,j) P(i,C) := temp/n for i in 1..n repeat Bvec(i) := (1.0+alpha)P(i,C)-alphaP(i,H) (f,notcomp) := (fminfn(Bvec),false) if notcomp or f>=big then f := big funcount := funcount+1 action := "REFLECTION " VR := f if VRBvec(i)+(1-gamma)P(i,C) P(i,C) := Bvec(i) Bvec(i) := f (f,notcomp) := (fminfn(Bvec),false) if notcomp or f>=big then f := big funcount := funcount+1 if fP(i,H)+betaP(i,C) (f,notcomp) := (fminfn(Bvec),false) if notcomp or f>=big then f := big funcount := funcount+1 if f=VH then action := "SHRINK " calcvert := true size := 0.0 for j in 1..n1 repeat if j~=L then for i in 1..n repeat P(i,j) := beta*(P(i,j)-P(i,L))+P(i,L) size := size+abs(P(i,j)-P(i,L)) if sizePolytope size measure not decreased in shrink) --writeln(confile, -- Polytope size measure not decreased in shrink) shrinkfail := true if ((VH<=VL+convtol) or shrinkfail ) then break -- repeat loop --writeln(Exiting from Alg19.pas Nelder Mead polytope minimiser) --writeln(' ,funcount, function evaluations used') --writeln(confile,Exiting from Alg19.pas Nelder Mead polytope minimiser) --writeln(confile,' ,funcount, function evaluations used') fmin := P(n1,L) for i in 1..n repeat x(i) := P(i,L) if shrinkfail then fail := true return [x, fmin, fail]

axissrch(Bvec: Vector Float, fminfn: Vector Float -> Float): axisResults == cradius, eps, f, fplus, step, temp, tilt, fmin: Float i : Integer --notcomp : Boolean --writeln(alg20.pas -- axial search) --writeln(confile,alg20.pas -- axial search) Calceps : Float := 1.0e-35 big : Float := 1.0e35 -- as per R/src/main/optim.c n :Integer := #(Bvec)::NonNegativeInteger::Integer fmin := fminfn(Bvec) eps := Calceps eps := sqrt(eps) --writeln(' Axis':6,' Stepsize ':14,'function + ':14, -- 'function - :14, rad. of curv.:14, tilt') --writeln(confile,' Axis':6,' Stepsize ':14,'function + ':14, -- 'function - :14, rad. of curv.:14, tilt') lowerfn := false for i in 1..n repeat if (not lowerfn) then temp := Bvec(i) step := eps*(abs(temp)+eps) Bvec(i) := temp+step f := fminfn(Bvec) if (f>=big) then f := big --write(i:5,' ,step:12, ,f:12, ) --write(confile,i:5, ,step:12, ,f:12, ) if f<fmin then lowerfn := true if (not lowerfn) then fplus := f Bvec(i) := temp-step f := fminfn(Bvec) if f>=big then f := big --write(f:12, ) write(confile,f:12, ') if f temp := 0.5(fplus-f)/step fplus := 0.5(fplus+f-2.0fmin)/(stepstep)

if fplus~=0.0 then cradius := 1.0+temptemp cradius := cradiussqrt(cradius)/fplus else cradius := big tilt := 45.0*atan(temp)/atan(1.0) --write(cradius:12,' ,tilt:12) --write(confile,cradius:12, ',tilt:12) --writeln writeln(confile) [Bvec, f, lowerfn]

demo(): nmminResults == nmmin([-1.2, 1.0], Rosen, -1.0)

demo2(): nmminResults == --banner:=dr1920.pas -- driver for Nelder-Mead minimisation --startup --fminset(n,B,Workdata) {sets up problem and defines starting -- values of B} lowerfn:Boolean := false --{safety setting} B:Vector Float := [-1.2,1.0] --initial values mynmminResults :nmminResults myaxisResults : axisResults --n :Integer := #(B)::NonNegativeInteger::Integer repeat mytol:=-1.0 --Note: set the tolerance negative to indicate that --procedure must obtain an appropriate value. mynmminResults := nmmin(B,Rosen,mytol) --{minimise the function} --writeln --writeln(confile) --writeln( Minimum function value found =,Fmin) --writeln( At parameters) --writeln(confile, Minimum function value found =,Fmin) --writeln(confile, At parameters) --for i in 1..n repeat --{ --writeln(' B[',i,]=,X[i]) --writeln(confile,' B[',i,]=,X[i]) --} --{loop to write out parameters} B := mynmminResults.X myaxisResults := axissrch(B, Rosen) --{alg20.pas} lowerfn := myaxisResults.Lowerfun if lowerfn then B := myaxisResults.X --writeln(Lower function value found) --writeln(confile,Lower function value found) if (not lowerfn) then break return mynmminResults --flush(confile) close(confile) --if infname<>con then close(infile) --{dr1920.pas -- Nelder Mead minimisation with axial search} -- optimFun(e:Expression Float,initial:List Equation Expression Float):nmminResults == -- vars := [lhs(x) for x in initial] -- vals := [rhs(x) for x in initial]::Vector Float -- nmmin(vals, (x +-> eval(e, vars, x)), -1) \end{spad}

\begin{spad} )abbrev package SOMESTAT SomeStatisticsPackage SomeStatisticsPackage: Exports == Implementation where DF ==> DoubleFloat Exports ==> with pgamma:(Float,Float) -> Float ++ pgamma(y,p) returns the incomplete gamma function (Alg AS 147) erf:(Float) -> Float ++ erf(x) returns the error function erfc:(Float) -> Float ++ erfc(x) returns the complementary error function pnorm:(Float) -> Float ++ pnorm(x) returns the CDF for the normal(0,1) function pnorm:(Float,Float,Float) -> Float ++ pnorm(x,mean,sd) returns the CDF for a normal(mean,sd) function pchisq:(Float,Float) -> Float ppois:(Integer,Float) -> Float ppois2:(Integer,Float) -> Float rpois:(Float) -> Integer ++ rpois(lambda) returns a random Poisson variable with mean lambda rbinom:(Integer,Float) -> Integer ++ rbinom(n,p) returns a random binomial variable from n trials ++ and probability p mean:(Vector Float) -> Float mean:(List Float) -> Float mean:(Vector DF) -> DF mean:(List DF) -> DF var:(Vector Float) -> Float Beta:(Float,Float) -> Float betai:(Float,Float,Float) -> Float betacf:(Float,Float,Float) -> Float pbeta:(Float,Float,Float) -> Float ++ pbeta(x,a,b) returns the incomplete beta function betai(a,b,x) pt:(Float,Float) -> Float ++ pt(x,df) returns the CDF for a t distribution pbinom:(Float,Float,Float) -> Float ++ pbinom(k,n,p) returns the CDF for 0..k events given n trials with probability p pf:(Float,Float,Float) -> Float ++ pf(f,df1,df2) returns the CDF of the F distribution with df1 and df1 degrees of freedom Implementation ==> add import FloatSpecialFunctions import RandomFloatDistributions pgamma(y,p) == eps : Float := (10.0^(-digits()$Float+1))$Float g : Float := 0.0 if (y=0.0 or p=0.0) then return g if (y < 0.0 or p < 0.0) then error "Invalid arguments" a : Float := p + 1.0 f : Float := exp(p log(y) - logGamma(a) - y) if (f < eps) then return g c : Float := 1.0 g : Float := 1.0 a : Float := p while (c > eps g) repeat a := a+1.0 c := c(y / a) g := g+c g := gf return g erf(x:Float):Float == if x<0.0 then -erf(-x) else pgamma(x^2,0.5) erfc(x:Float):Float == 1-erf(x) pnorm(x:Float):Float == 0.5(1+erf(x/sqrt(2.0))) pnorm(x:Float,mu:Float,sigma:Float):Float == 0.5(1+erf((x-mu)/sigma/sqrt(2.0))) pchisq(x:Float,df:Float):Float == pgamma(x/2,df/2) ppois(y:Integer,lambda:Float):Float == if y<0 then return 0.0 reduce(_+,[exp(-lambda)lambda^yi/factorial(yi) for yi in 0..y])$List(Float) ppois2(y:Integer,lambda:Float):Float == 1-pgamma(lambda,y::Float+1) rpois(lambda:Float):Integer == cumP : Float := 0 x : Float := uniform01() for i in 0.. repeat cumP := cumP + exp(-lambda)lambda^i/factorial(i) if x1.0 then error "bad argument x in betai" bt := if x=0.0 or x=1.0 then 0.0 else x^a(1.0-x)^b/Beta(a,b) -- exp(logGamma(a+b)$FloatSpecialFunctions- -- logGamma(a)$FloatSpecialFunctions- -- logGamma(b)$FloatSpecialFunctions+ -- alog(x)+blog(1.0-x)) if x<(a+1.0)/(a+b+2.0) then return bt betacf(a,b,x)/a else return 1.0-btbetacf(b,a,1.0-x)/b betacf(a:Float,b:Float,x:Float):Float == itmax : Integer := 1000 eps : Float := (10.0^(-digits()$Float+1))$Float qab : Float := a+b qap : Float := a+1.0 qam : Float := a-1.0 c : Float := 1.0 d : Float := 1.0-qabx/qap d := 1.0/d h : Float := d for m in 1..itmax repeat em : Float := m::Float m2 := 2.0em aa : Float := m(b-em)x/((qam+m2)(a+m2)) d := 1.0+aad c := 1.0+aa/c d := 1.0/d h := hdc aa := -(a+em)(qab+em)x/((a+m2)(qap+m2)) d := 1.0+aad c := 1.0+aa/c d := 1.0/d del : Float := dc h := hdel if abs(del-1.0)f)) \end{spad}

Now, let's try this.

\begin{axiom} nmminResults ==> Record(X:Vector Float, Fmin:Float, Fail:Boolean) optimFun(e:Expression Float,initial:List Equation Expression Float):nmminResults == vars := [lhs(x) for x in initial] vals := [rhs(x) for x in initial]::Vector Float nmmin(vals, ((x:Vector Float):Float +-> eval(e, vars, x)), -1)$OPTIM

-- some examples dpois := exp(-lambda)*lambda^y/Gamma(y+1) negll1 := -log(eval(dpois, y=10.0)) optimFun(negll1, [lambda=5.0]) optimFun((b-a^2)^2*100.0+(1.0-a)^2, [a=11.0,b=1.0]) x := [xi::Float for xi in 1..5] Y := [10, 15, 20, 25, 31] negll1 := reduce(+, [eval(-log(dpois),[y=Y(i),lambda=exp(alpha+beta*x(i))]) for i in 1..#Y]); out1 := optimFun(negll1, [alpha=2, beta=0]) -- R: summary(glm(c(10, 15, 20, 25, 31) ~ I(1:5), family=poisson))

mleResult ==> Record(coef:Matrix Float,vars:List Symbol, AIC:Float) mle(negll:Expression Float, initial:List Equation Expression Float):mleResult == vars := [lhs(x) for x in initial]::List Symbol vals := [rhs(x) for x in initial]::Vector Float out : nmminResults := nmmin(vals, (x +-> eval(negll, vars, x)), -1)$OPTIM estimate := out.X covMatrix := inverse(matrix([[eval(D(D(negll,x),y),vars,estimate) for y in vars] for x in vars])) se := [sqrt(covMatrix(i,i)) for i in 1..nrows(covMatrix)] zscore := [estimate(i)/se(i) for i in 1..nrows(covMatrix)] pvalues := [2(1-pnorm(zscore(i)::Float)$SOMESTAT) for i in 1..nrows(covMatrix)] AIC := out.Fmin2+2*#(out.X) coef := transpose(matrix([estimate,se,zscore,pvalues])) return [coef,vars,AIC]

mle(negll1, [alpha=2.0, beta=0.0]) negll2 := -log(eval(dpois, y=10.0)) mle(negll2, [lambda=5.0]) \end{axiom}

As an aside: can we calculate an elasticity from logistic regression?

\begin{axiom} Y:=exp(alpha+betakPk)/(1+exp(alpha+betakPk)) D(Y,Pk)/Y D(Y,Pk)/Y/(1-Y) \end{axiom}


Some or all expressions may not have rendered properly, because Axiom returned the following error:
Error: export FRICAS=/usr/local/lib/fricas/target/x86_64-unknown-linux; export ALDORROOT=/usr/local/aldor/linux/1.1.0; export PATH=$ALDORROOT/bin:$PATH; export HOME=/var/zope2/var/LatexWiki; ulimit -t 600; export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib/fricas/target/x86_64-unknown-linux/lib; LANG=en_US.UTF-8 $FRICAS/bin/FRICASsys < /var/lib/zope2.10/instance/axiom-wiki/var/LatexWiki/7245897146845666469-25px.axm
/bin/sh: /usr/local/lib/fricas/target/x86_64-unknown-linux/bin/FRICASsys: not found


Some or all expressions may not have rendered properly, because Latex returned the following error:
This is pdfTeXk, Version 3.141592-1.40.3 (Web2C 7.5.6)
 \write18 enabled.
 %&-line parsing enabled.
entering extended mode
(./3789055917543086017-16.0px.tex
LaTeX2e <2005/12/01>
Babel <v3.8h> and hyphenation patterns for english, usenglishmax, dumylang, noh
yphenation, arabic, farsi, croatian, ukrainian, russian, bulgarian, czech, slov
ak, danish, dutch, finnish, basque, french, german, ngerman, ibycus, greek, mon
ogreek, ancientgreek, hungarian, italian, latin, mongolian, norsk, icelandic, i
nterlingua, turkish, coptic, romanian, welsh, serbian, slovenian, estonian, esp
eranto, uppersorbian, indonesian, polish, portuguese, spanish, catalan, galicia
n, swedish, ukenglish, pinyin, loaded.
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/article.cls
Document Class: article 2005/09/16 v1.4f Standard LaTeX document class
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/size12.clo))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/ucs/ucs.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/ucs/data/uni-global.def))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/ucs/utf8x.def))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/bbm/bbm.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/jknapltx/mathrsfs.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/fontenc.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/t1enc.def))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/pstricks/pstricks.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/pstricks/pstricks.tex
`PSTricks' v1.15  <2006/12/22> (tvz)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/pstricks/pstricks.con))
(/usr/share/texmf/tex/latex/xcolor/xcolor.sty
(/etc/texmf/tex/latex/config/color.cfg)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/dvipsnam.def)))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/epsfig.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/graphicx.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/keyval.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/graphics.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/trig.sty)
(/etc/texmf/tex/latex/config/graphics.cfg))))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/pst-grad/pst-grad.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/pst-grad/pst-grad.tex
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/xkeyval/pst-xkey.tex
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/xkeyval/xkeyval.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/xkeyval/xkeyval.tex)))
`pst-plot' v1.05, 2006/11/04 (tvz,dg,hv)))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/pstricks/pst-plot.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/pstricks/pst-plot.tex
 v97 patch 2, 1999/12/12
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/multido/multido.tex
 v1.41, 2004/05/18 <tvz>)))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/geometry/geometry.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/xelatex/xetexconfig/geometry.cfg)

Package geometry Warning: `lmargin' and `rmargin' result in NEGATIVE (-108.405p t). `width' should be shortened in length.

) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amsmath.sty For additional information on amsmath, use the `? option. (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amstext.sty (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amsgen.sty)) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amsbsy.sty) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amsopn.sty)) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsfonts/amsfonts.sty) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsfonts/amssymb.sty) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amscls/amsthm.sty) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/setspace/setspace.sty Package: `setspace 6.7 <2000/12/01> ) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xy.sty (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xy.tex Bootstrap'ing: catcodes, docmode, (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xyrecat.tex) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xyidioms.tex)

Xy-pic version 3.7 <1999/02/16> Copyright (c) 1991-1998 by Kristoffer H. Rose <krisrose@ens-lyon.fr> Xy-pic is free software: see the User's Guide for details.

Loading kernel: messages; fonts; allocations: state, direction, utility macros; pictures: \xy, positions, objects, decorations; kernel objects: directionals, circles, text; options; algorithms: directions, edges, connections; Xy-pic loaded)) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xyall.tex Xy-pic option: All features v.3.3 (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xycurve.tex Xy-pic option: Curve and Spline extension v.3.7 curve, circles, loaded) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xyframe.tex Xy-pic option: Frame and Bracket extension v.3.7 loaded) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xycmtip.tex Xy-pic option: Computer Modern tip extension v.3.3 (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xytips.tex Xy-pic option: More Tips extension v.3.3 loaded) loaded) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xyline.tex Xy-pic option: Line styles extension v.3.6 loaded) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xyrotate.tex Xy-pic option: Rotate and Scale extension v.3.3 loaded) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xycolor.tex Xy-pic option: Colour extension v.3.3 loaded) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xymatrix.tex Xy-pic option: Matrix feature v.3.4 loaded) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xyarrow.tex Xy-pic option: Arrow and Path feature v.3.5 path, \ar, loaded) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/xypic/xygraph.tex Xy-pic option: Graph feature v.3.7 loaded) loaded) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/tools/verbatim.sty) (/usr/share/texmf/tex/latex/graphviz/graphviz.sty (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/psfrag/psfrag.sty)) (/usr/share/texmf/tex/latex/sagetex.sty Writing sage input file 3789055917543086017-16.0px.sage ) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/gnuplottex/gnuplottex.sty (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/latexsym.sty) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/moreverb/moreverb.sty) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/ifthen.sty)) (./3789055917543086017-16.0px.aux) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/ucs/ucsencs.def) Missing $ inserted. <inserted text> $ l.153 (Bvec(2)-Bvec(1)^ 2)^2*100.0+(1.0-Bvec(1))^2 (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/jknapltx/ursfs.fd) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsfonts/umsa.fd) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsfonts/umsb.fd) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/ulasy.fd) Missing $ inserted. <inserted text> $ l.154

You can't use `macro parameter character #' in horizontal mode. l.166 n : Integer := # Bvec

Overfull \hbox (27.39969pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 155--223 []\T1/cmr/m/n/12 --nmmin(vector([11.0, 1.0]), Rosen$\OML/cmm/m/it/12 OPTIM; \OM S/cmsy/m/n/12 ^^@\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 1\OML/cmm/m/it/12 :\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 0)$\T1/cmr/ m/n/12 OPTIM nm-min(Bvec: Vec-tor Float, fminfn: Vec-tor Float -> Float, in-tol : Float):nmminResults [1] You can't use `macro parameter character #' in horizontal mode. l.333 n :Integer := # (Bvec)::NonNegativeInteger::Integer You can't use `macro parameter character #' in horizontal mode. l.388 --n :Integer := # (B)::NonNegativeInteger::Integer [2] Missing $ inserted. <inserted text> $ l.464 eps : Float := (10.0^ (-digits()$Float+1))$Float Missing $ inserted. <inserted text> $ l.494 cumP := cumP + exp(-lambda)*lambda^ i/factorial(i) Missing $ inserted. <inserted text> $ l.504 mean(x:Vector Float):Float == reduce(_ +,x)/#x You can't use `macro parameter character #' in math mode. l.504 ...n(x:Vector Float):Float == reduce(_+,x)/# x You can't use `macro parameter character #' in math mode. l.505 mean(x:List Float):Float == reduce(_+,x)/# x You can't use `macro parameter character #' in math mode. l.506 mean(x:Vector DF):DF == reduce(_+,x)/# x You can't use `macro parameter character #' in math mode. l.507 mean(x:List DF):DF == reduce(_+,x)/# x You can't use `macro parameter character #' in math mode. l.510 reduce(_+,[(x(i)-meanx)^2 for i in 1..# x])$List(Float)/(#x-1) You can't use `macro parameter character #' in horizontal mode. l.510 ...-meanx)^2 for i in 1..#x])$List(Float)/(# x-1) Missing $ inserted. <inserted text> $ l.527 eps : Float := (10.0^ (-digits()$Float+1))$Float Missing $ inserted. <inserted text> $ l.557 \end{spad} \newpage

Overfull \hbox (11.6583pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 422--557 \OML/cmm/m/it/12 Float \OT1/cmr/m/n/12 == \OML/cmm/m/it/12 ify < \OT1/cmr/m/n/1 2 0\OML/cmm/m/it/12 thenreturn\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 0\OML/cmm/m/it/12 :\OT1/cmr/m/n/1 2 0\OML/cmm/m/it/12 reduce\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 ([]\OML/cmm/m/it/12 ; \OT1/cmr/m/n/12 [\OML/cmm/m/it/12 exp\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 (\OMS/cmsy/m/n/12 ^^@\OML/cmm/m/it/12 lam bda\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 ) \OMS/cmsy/m/n/12 ^^C \OML/cmm/m/it/12 lambda[]i=factorial\ OT1/cmr/m/n/12 (\OML/cmm/m/it/12 yi\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 )\OML/cmm/m/it/12 foryiin\OT 1/cmr/m/n/12 0\OML/cmm/m/it/12 ::y\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 ])$\T1/cmr/m/n/12 List(Float) ppois2(y:Integer,lambda:Float):Float

Overfull \hbox (65.58339pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 422--557 \OML/cmm/m/it/12 meanx \OT1/cmr/m/n/12 : \OML/cmm/m/it/12 Float \OT1/cmr/m/n/12 := \OML/cmm/m/it/12 mean\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 (\OML/cmm/m/it/12 x\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 )\O ML/cmm/m/it/12 reduce\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 ([]\OML/cmm/m/it/12 ; \OT1/cmr/m/n/12 [(\O ML/cmm/m/it/12 x\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 (\OML/cmm/m/it/12 i\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 ) \OMS/cmsy/ m/n/12 ^^@ \OML/cmm/m/it/12 meanx\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 )[]\OML/cmm/m/it/12 foriin\OT1 /cmr/m/n/12 1\OML/cmm/m/it/12 ::x\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 ])$\T1/cmr/m/n/12 List(Float)/ (x-1) --Gamma(x:Float):Float == Gamma(x)$\OML/cmm/m/it/12 FloatSpecialFunctions Beta\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 (\OML/cmm/m/it/12 a \OT1/cmr/m/n/12 : [3] (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/t1cmtt.fd)

LaTeX Warning: Characters dropped after `\end{axiom}' on input line 593.

LaTeX Warning: Characters dropped after `\end{axiom}' on input line 598.

[4] [5] (./3789055917543086017-16.0px.aux) ) (see the transcript file for additional information) Output written on 3789055917543086017-16.0px.dvi (5 pages, 21476 bytes). Transcript written on 3789055917543086017-16.0px.log.




  Subject:   Be Bold !!
  ( 16 subscribers )  
Please rate this page: